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Willing Patriots tells the story of Black Americans who served in the
U.S. Army in the First World War. The book provides the reader deeply
researched treatment of the organization, combat history/battle
participation of all black troops including the two infantry divisions,
supporting organizations of the Services Of Supply, and the special
troops. Additionally, the work contains an exhaustive bibliography of
primary and secondary references for each unit informing the reader
of sources for further study; lavishly illustrated with nearly 300 detailed
color and war-era photographs of these valorous men. These
rare and previously unpublished photographs are drawn from public
and private collections nationwide providing a lens into this long
forgotten aspect of World War I.
- Sales Rank: #1345882 in Books
- Published on: 2009-03-28
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 11.10" h x 1.00" w x 8.60" l, 3.04 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 256 pages
About the Author
Col. Robert J. Dalessandro, USA (Ret.), is chairman of the U.S. World War One Centennial Commission. He has been director of the U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center and chief of military history at the U.S. Army Center of Military History, and is currently deputy secretary of the American Battle Monuments Commission. He is revisor for Stackpole's Army Officer's Guide and author of Willing Patriots: Men of Color in the First World War, American Lions: The 332nd Infantry Regiment in Italy in World War I, and Organization and Insignia of the American Expeditionary Force. Dalessandro lives in northern Virginia.
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2 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
WILLING PATRIOTS: MEN OF COLOR IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR
By Robert A. Lynn
WILLING PATRIOTS: MEN OF COLOR IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR
ROBERT J. DALESSANDRO AND GERALD TORRENCE
SCHIFFER PUBLISHING LIMITED, 2009
HARDCOVER, $69.99, 192 PAGES, PHOTOGRAPHS, APPENDICES
During the 19th Century, the United States War Department segregated African-American troops into separate Army regiments in response to the separatist sentiments that were so endemic in North America. By the 1890s, many of the key members of the Army's High Command were white Southerners who staunchly advocated the precept that black troopers were inherently incapable of performing ably in combat. They had to be placed in segregated units where their inefficient habits wouldn't adversely affect their white counterparts. Thus, African-American units were assigned to combat support roles under the command of white officers.
Black draftees initially weren't properly clothed, fed, or housed. Many were left to fend for themselves under trees where there was no shelter. If tents were available, they usually lacked flooring of any kind. During the winter months, these same soldiers were often without stoves. Since mess halls for black soldiers were scarce, they usually had to bring their food back to their quarters. Water for sanitation was severely restricted. Black professionals, whether doctors or dentists, were refused commissions in their callings, often being drafted and used as laborers, despite the critical need for medical professionals.
Military training wasn't considered necessary for black soldiers because the Army had decided they were to be what most were in civilian life: laborers. A very serious problem was the inability of many black Americans to read or write properly, and they were therefore unable to complete the necessary paperwork in company or regimental offices. That predicament was evident in all black regiments and the two black (92nd and 93rd) Divisions.
Finally, the Army established a camp to train black officers at Fort Des Moines, Iowa, in May, 1917. African-Americans involved in the camp's development pressed for the appointment of Colonel Charles Young, the third black graduate of West Point, as its commander. Unfortunately, the Army didn't want any black Americans to be so highly placed. In the ensuing controversy, Young was found to have high blood pressure and therefore was retired. Another officer, Lt. Colonel Charles C. Ballou, was named to head the training camp since he had led the famed all-black 25th Infantry. However, while slightly more positive toward black Americans than most Army officers, he by his attitude conveyed the opinion that no one should expect too much from the camp's graduates. Their training was inadequate, almost farcical. Since the young black men were expected to fail, they were trained with that in mind and many did just that.
In the first month that the camp was open, 1,250 men arrived at Fort Des Moines for training. About 40% were college graduates; some were members of the faculty at Howard University; 50% had professional or business training. In addition, 250 were NCOs from the Regular Army, selected especially to add experience to the group, but experience alone wasn't enough.
When their training was over, the new officers were presumed to be ready for battle. Two divisions, the 92nd and the 93rd, were organized in 1917. The 92nd "Buffalo" Division was established on October 24, 1917, with inductees from all over the nation making up the units. General and field officers, plus officers above the grade of first lieutenant in the technical branches and the artillery were white. On October 26, Brevet Major General Charles C. Ballou, West Point classmate of General Pershing, took command of the 92nd at Camp Upton, Long Island. It was assigned to the VI Corps and on 10 June 1918, it sailed from Hoboken, New Jersey, on a nine-day voyage to Brest, France.
Upon arrival in France, the 92nd was transported by rail to the Allied 11th Training Area, near Bourbonne-les-Bains, for "seasoning." The 92nd comprised the 183rd and 184th Infantry Brigades, and the 167th Field Artillery Brigade, was assigned to Liggett's I Corps during the Meuse-Argonne campaign.
The 93rd Division, although established on November 23, 1917, with the 185th and 186th Infantry Brigades but no artillery brigade, never served in combat as a division. The four regiments of the division, 369th, 370th, 371st, and 372nd, had been brought into Federal service from the National Guard and served under the command of Brigadier General Roy Hoffman until May 15, 1918, when three of the regiments were placed under the operational control of the French Fourth Army. They were re-organized to conform to the French infantry organization. The 370th Infantry Regiment was assigned to the Seventh French Army.
After the Armistice, the largely untested 92nd Division was one of the first units returned to the U.S. because General Pershing wanted the division out of the AEF as soon as possible. Brevet Major General Ballou was removed from his post near the end of the war, and reverted to the rank of colonel after demobilization of the AEF. Members of the 93rd Division were re-assigned into the AEF, and they too were sent home, but with a better overall battle reputation and, consequently, higher morale. Unfortunately, when the returning black soldier arrived home, he found a nation that, if possible, was more racist than when he left.
WILLING PATRIOTS: MEN OF COLOR IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR tells the story of black Americans who served in the U.S. Army in the First World War. The book provides the reader deeply researched treatment of the organizations, combat history/battle participation of all balck troops including the two infantry divisions, supporting organizations of the Serices of Supply, and the special troops. Additionally, this work contains an exhaustive bibliography of primary and secondary references for each unit informing the reader of sources for further study; lavishly illustrated with nearly 300 detailed color and war-era photographs of these valorous men. These rare and previously unpublished photographs are drawn from public and private collections which provide a lens into this long forgotten aspect of World War I.
During World War I, 370,000 African-Americans labored, fought, and died to make the world safe for democracy that refused them equal citizenship at home. The irony was made more bitter as African-American soldiers struggled with the racist policies of the American military itself. Even though,the overwhelming majority were assigned to labor companies; they performed admirably under fire. This book is an unforgettable and accurate account of the African-American units that served with the AEF. This is an excellant companion to Schiffer's recently published THE ORGANIZATION AND INSIGNIA OF THE AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCES, 1917-1923.
Lt. Colonel Robert A. Lynn, Florida Guard
Orlando, Florida
0 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
A good piece of history on a little-known topic
By Nom de Plume
I bought this book as a gift for my mother, whose father (George Harries) was a white man from the South and became a Sergeant in charge of a group of Colored Soldiers (that's a historical term, now...) in France. I only found this out about my grandfather a few years ago. This has helped me understand more about my family's values that I grew up with. I would like to see a sequel edition containing personal histories and stories gathered from the families of soldiers and officers involved. Realizing that all of the principal parties have been dead for years, it would have to be oral history passed down, but it would still be fascinating to hear the different stories and perspectives. Much of this book is statistics (unit XXX served YYY from **** to ****). Still, it is the only book I know of to treat the "Soldiers of Color In The Great War" subject in any depth.
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